Mastering the Backflip: A Surfer's Guide to Success

Surfer executing a backflip over ocean waves

Intro

Surfing is much more than just gliding across the waves; it’s an art that combines athleticism, balance, and a connection to the ocean. Among the many tricks and maneuvers that surfers aspire to master, the backflip stands out as one of the most exhilarating and technically demanding. For those who dare to attempt it, the backflip is not just a display of skill; it’s a statement about pushing boundaries and embracing challenges.

This article offers a comprehensive guide tailored for both novice and seasoned surfers eager to learn how to perform the backflip. We will delve into essential techniques, physical conditioning, and the cultural significance of this trick within the surfing universe. Each aspect is designed to unravel the intricacies involved in nailing that perfect backflip while prioritizing safety and mindset during your surfing journey.

As you prepare to take on this challenge, remember that mastering the backflip is about progressive learning, consistent practice, and, perhaps most importantly, finding joy in the ride. So, let’s get started!

Understanding the Backflip

The backflip is not just a trick performed by acrobats or gymnasts; it's a defining move in the surfing world. For surfers, mastering the backflip can significantly elevate one's skill set, offering a blend of creativity and technical prowess. Understanding the backflip is crucial for performers aiming to push their boundaries and express themselves on the waves. This maneuver combines artistry with athleticism, showcasing a surfer's confidence and flair. Not everyone who rides a wave can pull off this thrilling stunt, making it a coveted skill within the surfing community.

Definition and Importance

In a nutshell, a backflip is an aerial trick where a surfer propels themselves backwards into the air while rotating, aiming to land back on the board. This technique is not merely about the act itself but is a statement of capability and ambition. For many surfers, mastering the backflip is akin to earning the stripes in the surfing industry. It signifies a level of commitment to the sport and an understanding of wave dynamics, board control, and body positioning. The importance of this maneuver extends beyond individual performance; it has the potential to inspire others and push the collective limits of what’s deemed possible in surfing.

Myth vs. Reality

A common myth surrounding backflips in surfing is the belief that only seasoned veterans can accomplish it. Many assume that endless hours of practice and a perfect wave are prerequisites. In reality, while experience plays a role, the backflip is also achievable through proper guidance and step-by-step learning. Fresh surfers, with the right mindset and techniques, can gradually work their way up to this pinnacle trick. Another misconception is that the backflip is purely about bravado. On the contrary, it requires a thoughtful approach to risk management, timing, and wave selection. Understanding these nuances helps demystify the maneuver, making it accessible for those daring enough to learn.

Cultural Significance in Surfing

The backflip embodies more than a challenging technique; it represents the essence of freedom endemic to surfing culture. This trick emphasizes creativity, camaraderie, and competition within the surfing community. Historical icons like Kelly Slater have demonstrated how the backflip can symbolize progression in the sport, often inspiring a new generation of surfers to innovate their style. In different locales, executing a backflip can also reflect regional surfing customs, marking milestones in local surfing culture. With social media amplifying visibility, sharing backflip successes (or failures) helps solidify a surfer's identity in the melting pot of surf culture. Overall, the backflip intertwines closely with the cultural narratives of self-expression and mastery in surfing, signifying both individual prowess and communal spirit.

Prerequisites for Performing a Backflip

Mastering the backflip is not merely a flashy trick that you can pull off with little to no preparation; it’s a skill that beckons a solid foundation. Understanding prerequisites for performing a backflip serves not only to equip a surfer with the necessary skills but also to instill a sense of safety and confidence during execution. Here lies the crux of it—knowing where you stand before daring to leap into the air.

Basic Surfing Skills

First off, you gotta have the basics down. Imagine trying out a new recipe without knowing what an oven is. It’s not going to end well. Similarly, if your paddling, balancing, and popping up on the board aren't on lock, attempting a backflip is like trying to run before you can walk. Basic surfing skills build the essential muscle memory and instinct required when riding the waves.

When practicing basic movements, it can be useful to focus on:

Paddling Technique: This isn’t just about thrusting your arms. It’s about rhythm and efficiency to catch that wave seamlessly.
Balance: Find your equilibrium on the board, because if you can’t balance in the first place, all bets are off for a backflip.
Turning and Trimming: These maneuvers are also crucial as they teach you how to shift your weight effectively, a key ingredient when launching into the air.

Master these key skills, and you’ll feel like you’re surfing on the fast track to your backflip journey.

Physical Conditioning and Strength

Next is physical conditioning. Backflips demand explosive power, core stability, and overall strength. The more conditioned your body is, the easier it’ll be for you to launch off the wave, rotate, and land safely. Think of it as tuning a fine race car. If you're lacking the right engine parts, it won't perform at its best.

Some specific areas to focus on include:

Core Strength: Exercises like planks and medicine ball twists can strengthen your core, translating to better aerial control.
Leg Power: Squats and plyometric jumps will help develop the explosive leg strength necessary when you push off the wave for takeoff.
Flexibility: Don't let stiff muscles hold you back. Incorporate stretching routines or yoga to enhance flexibility in your movements.

By sharpening your physical prowess, you’ll be setting the stage for a successful attempt at that elusive backflip.

Mental Preparation

Finally, let’s touch on mental preparation. It’s easy to overlook. Yet, mental readiness plays a pivotal role at the moment of execution. You might have the technical skills and physical fitness, but if your mind isn’t in the game, you will struggle. Think of it this way: if you’re constantly second-guessing yourself, you’re essentially playing a game of mental tug-of-war.

To foster the right mindset, consider these strategies:

Visualization: Before attempting a backflip, visualize each step—takeoff, rotation, and landing. This exercise can prepare your mind to execute the trick more confidently.
Progressive Goals: Instead of saying, “I’m going to do a backflip today!” set smaller milestones that lead to that goal. For example, try to master smaller jumps first.
Breathing Techniques: Steady your nerves with deep breathing exercises. They can help calm pre-jump jitters and boost self-assurance.

Ultimately, developing a fortified mindset can serve as a safety net against the inevitable waves of fear that come with attempting new tricks.

In essence, the prerequisites for performing a backflip form the bedrock for successfully pulling off this impressive maneuver. With a solid grip on basic skills, fine-tuned physical conditioning, and a strong mental approach, you are now equipped to dive headfirst into the exhilarating world of aerial surfing.

Close-up of a surfer's foot placement on the board

Techniques for Mastering the Backflip

When it comes to the backflip, nailing the technique is what separates the wannabes from the wave-riding wizards. This ancient acrobatic movement, while stunning to behold, requires a meticulous approach. It’s not enough to just want to learn this trick; understanding the intricacies involved is crucial. Mastering a backflip can elevate your surf game, showcasing an advanced skill that other surfers often admire.

The backflip is not merely about flipping through the air; it’s a symphony of movement, timing, and finesse. Surfers benefit from perfecting these techniques in several ways. It enhances flexibility, builds core strength, and importantly, increases confidence on the board. Surfers who master this maneuver find their place in the spotlight, gaining recognition in the surf community for their creativity and skill level.

Fundamental Movements

To master the backflip, one must first understand the fundamental movements involved. The technique starts with proper foot placement on the board. Position your feet slightly apart, distributing weight evenly. Initiating power is all about the pop. A sharp, upward thrust using your legs will launch you into the air, so think of it as pressing a spring.

As you begin the flip, tuck your knees into your chest tightly. This will create rotational speed, allowing for a quicker flip. The arms also play a role; a strong upward swing can lead into more height and rotation. Ideally, as you complete the maneuver, direct your gaze towards where you will land. This not only helps you gauge your landing but also keeps you in control, reducing the chances of injury.

Creating the Right Momentum

Creating momentum is key. Imagine you're setting a pendulum in motion. You need to build speed first, almost like a surfer paddling into a wave. Your take-off should coincide with the crest of the wave to maximize lift. Timing is everything. If you hit the wave too early or too late, the energy will dissipate, leaving you in a vulnerable position.

To enhance momentum, work on your take-off techniques. In the days leading to your big flip attempts, practice hopping off the board on flatter surfaces. It’s about getting the feel of how your body interacts with the board during a jump. A good visualization technique is to imagine the board as the trampoline; the more energy you put into it, the higher you'll bounce. It’s a simple but effective way to internalize that concept of momentum.

Timing and Coordination

Timing and coordination are where many surfers stumble. You see, it’s all about synchronizing your movements. The moment you leap into the air, your body must react like a well-oiled machine. Perceiving when exactly to lift off the board and begin your rotation can take time to refine.

A practical tip: try focusing on landmarks as cues. For instance, when you see a breaking wave or a particular crest, allow that to be your cue to take off. Experiment in less challenging waves until your body learns the rhythm.

Don’t underestimate practice on dry land too. Using a trampoline or a soft pad, replicate the movements without the water’s unpredictability allows you to focus solely on your timing and body alignment. Developing muscle memory through consistent practice across different environments is fundamental to gaining fluidity in your technique, ensuring that when you hit the waves, your movements come naturally.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Even seasoned surfers can make mistakes that jeopardize their ability to perform a backflip successfully. Here are a few pitfalls to steer clear from:

Overthinking: It's easy to get tangled in thoughts and forget the basics. Stay relaxed; trust your training.
Inadequate Take-off: Skipping steps in the take-off can cause wobbling during the flip. Ensure that you execute the pop correctly.
Neglecting Body Position: A common error is failing to tuck the knees adequately, which can result in a slower rotation and a messy landing.
Stiffness: Remember, flexibility is your friend. Approaching too stiffly can hinder your movement and balance.
Ignoring the Environment: Each wave is different, and failing to adjust to conditions can spell disaster.

Ultimately, mastering the backflip requires a careful balance of technique and awareness. Recognizing these common pitfalls will not only save you from some rough wipes but also pave the way towards a successful execution.

"The difference between a good surfer and a great surfer is the willingness to learn from every wave."

Keep your focus sharp and keep refining your technique, the backflip will eventually become a natural part of your surfing arsenal.

Safety Considerations

When engaging in advanced maneuvers like the backflip, surfers must prioritize safety above all else. It's not just about performing a flashy trick; it's also about ensuring that you come back to shore in one piece. Without proper safety considerations, the thrill of the backflip could easily turn into a harrowing experience, whether it's through injury or dangerous encounters with the ocean's unpredictable nature. The risks involved could mean the difference between mastering a skill and avoiding hospital visits.

Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is critical. Surfers should undertake a thorough evaluation of their environment and their own abilities before attempting a backflip. Factors to consider include:

Wave height and type: High waves can create extra momentum but also increase the risk of crashing.
Exposure to hazards: Check for rocks, reefs, or other obstacles beneath the surface that could cause injury.
Skill level: Assess whether you are physically and mentally ready to attempt such a challenging maneuver.

Surfers often underestimate the impact of conditions on their stunts. Elevated risks can arise from unexpected wave shifts or strong currents. Knowing when to hold back is just as essential as knowing when to go for it.

Using Protective Gear

Wearing the right gear is a no-brainer when it comes to safety. Here are some essentials:

Wetsuits: Not only do they keep you warm, but they also add a layer of protection against potential scrapes while landing.
Impact vests: These vests protect your torso during falls, providing an extra cushion that could save you from serious injury.
Helmets: While not as common in surfing, helmets should be considered, especially in areas with shallow reefs steep drop-offs.

Choosing to wear protective gear may feel uncomfortable or cumbersome at first, but every surfer who’s taken a fall knows that the extra protection can be invaluable. Investing in safety gear is investing in your surfing future.

Understanding Wave Conditions

The ocean is an ever-changing landscape. Becoming proficient at reading wave conditions is vital for any surfer, particularly when attempting high-risk maneuvers like a backflip. A few points to keep in mind include:

Tide Levels: The tide affects how the waves break. Be familiar with high tide versus low tide environments.
Wind Directions: Offshore winds can make for cleaner waves, while onshore winds can create choppy conditions that complicate aerial maneuvers.
Swells and Surf Reports: Knowing when to hit the surf can be a game-changer. Websites like Surfer Magazine or surfline.com provide essential reports that can guide your decisions on which day to go for your backflip.

Understanding these factors not only makes for a safer surfing experience but also contributes to a more successful backflip. Recognizing the ocean’s moods is akin to mastering any other aspect of surfing—knowledge is your ally.

"Surfing teaches us the need to stay alert and aware. Just like life, the waves can catch you off guard if you're not paying attention."

For surfers, mastering the backflip is not just about the thrill; it’s about doing it safely and responsibly. Prioritizing safety safeguards both your health and the joy of surfing. Always combine your passion for adventure with common sense.

Training and Practice Regimens

Training and practice regimens form the backbone of mastering any skill, and this is especially true for the backflip in surfing. The journey towards successfully executing this trick is not just about throwing yourself into the waves; rather, it’s about structured preparation and consistent practice that lays the foundation for success. Engaging in a deliberate training regimen helps build the necessary strength, flexibility, and coordination while also fostering the right mindset required for this thrilling maneuver.

Setting Realistic Goals

When setting out to learn how to backflip, it’s crucial to establish realistic and achievable goals. Instead of aiming to master the backflip in a single session, break the process into manageable milestones. Consider starting with enhancing your overall surfing skills or perfecting basic aerial moves on a smaller scale. Here are some tips to keep in mind while setting your goals:

Focus on Progression: Aim to improve gradually. Instead of simply wanting to land a backflip, set goals like achieving a solid bottom turn or mastering a simple rotation first.
Develop a Timeline: Assign a timeframe to each goal. This gives a sense of urgency without overwhelming oneself.
Celebrate Small Wins: Each step completed is a win. Celebrate learning to land a successful float or catching a wave that feels right.

Drills and Exercises

Drilling is vital in honing the skills necessary to perform a backflip. Engaging in a variety of exercises can prepare the body for the movements required during the flip. Here are a few beneficial drills:

Plyometric Exercises: These can enhance explosive power. Focus on box jumps or jump squats to develop the necessary leg strength.
Aerial Basic Movements: Start practicing air tricks on a trampoline or an air mat to get used to the rotation in a safe environment.
Balance Drills: Activities like yoga or balance board exercises improve stability, ensuring better landings.

Incorporating these into your routine can make a significant difference in muscle memory and execution when it’s time to backflip in the surf.

Feedback and Progress Tracking

Feedback is essential for improvement. Keeping track of progress helps identify both strengths and weaknesses in your technique. Here's how one might systematically gather feedback:

Video Analysis: Record your attempts. Watching the footage allows for self-assessment and understanding whether you’re executing the movements correctly.
Peer Reviews: Surfing with friends can yield valuable insights. Ask trusted peers to critique your form and technique after your practice sessions.
Journaling: Maintan a log of your practice sessions. Note what works, what doesn’t, and any insights you gain along the way.

Keep in mind that overcoming challenges takes time and each surfer’s journey is unique. Regardless of where you begin, regular practice, dedication, and support will be your allies. After all, in the world of surfing, just like in life, nothing worth having comes easy.

Overcoming Challenges

When it comes to mastering the backflip, the journey is not just about physical prowess and technique; it often involves navigating a minefield of challenges that can deter even the most spirited surfer. Recognizing and addressing these hurdles is key to achieving that sought-after backflip. Surfers facing these obstacles find not just barriers but opportunities for growth as they sharpen their skills and adapt their mindset.

Fear and Mental Blocks

Fear is a common companion on the path to performing any aerial maneuver, particularly the backflip, which can seem daunting to many. It’s not just about the fear of crashing into the water or losing balance; it's also about the dread of failing in front of others, or in the eyes of peers who they think are more skilled. Overcoming this mental hurdle requires a mixture of focus and self-compassion. One approach might be to visualize successful attempts and mentally rehearse every movement before hitting the waves.

Additionally, breathing techniques can help to alleviate anxiety. This method isn’t just about calming the nerves; it’s about transforming fear into motivation. Imagine standing on your board, feeling that rush of adrenaline, while your mind is focused on the thrill rather than the fall. Believe me, everyone falls at some point—the key lies in getting back up, shaking off the water, and trying again.

Physical Limitations

Physical limitations can present a serious roadblock for surfers attempting the backflip, but these can often be addressed with the right approach. Not every surfer is built the same way; some may not have the same level of flexibility or strength as others. Addressing these limitations starts with understanding one’s own body and where certain deficiencies lie, and then working on them relentlessly.

Incorporating strength training, flexibility exercises, and balance drills into your routine can have a significant impact. For instance, yoga not only increases flexibility but also enhances mental focus, which is vital for timing a backflip correctly. Moreover, exercises mimicking the backflip motion, like practice jumps on a trampoline or even just on solid ground, help in building muscle memory. Over time, you'll find that you gain the strength and flexibility needed to execute a beautiful backflip.

Navigating Peer Pressure

Peer pressure is an unexpected adversary for many surfers, especially those who are still learning or attempting to step out of their comfort zone. It often masquerades as motivation but can quickly spiral into a negative influence. The feeling of needing to impress friends or proving oneself can lead to rash decisions, like trying a backflip before being mentally or physically prepared.

A support system is crucial in mitigating this type of pressure. Surrounding yourself with like-minded surfers who encourage safe practices and celebrate progress rather than perfection can drastically change your surfing experience. It’s important to remind yourself that every surfer progresses at their own pace, and mastering the backflip will come when it’s ready; it’s not a race. Keeping a personal log of your progress, highlighting each new skill learned, can also help you focus on your journey rather than comparing it to others.

"Surfing is not just a sport; it's a lifestyle, a journey—embrace it without the need to chase shadows."

By addressing these challenges head-on, you’ll build a solid foundation that goes beyond mere technique—it's about sustaining your enthusiasm and dedication to surfing. In this light, overcoming obstacles becomes vital in making the backflip not just a difficult trick, but an achievable goal in your surfing repertoire.

The Role of Coaching and Mentorship

Group of surfers discussing techniques on the beach

In the pursuit of mastering the backflip, the influence of coaching and mentorship cannot be overstated. A coach, equipped with experience and knowledge, serves as more than just an instructor; they are navigator through the often turbulent waters of skill acquisition. Embracing the right guidance can dramatically enhance one's learning curve, ensuring that safety and technique are prioritized.

Coaching brings structure to an otherwise chaotic practice regime. Having someone by your side to give real-time feedback allows for immediate corrections. This immediate adjustment can mean the difference between a smooth, graceful backflip and a less-than-ideal execution that could result in injury. Mentors are not just there to correct; they are key motivators, lifting spirits when self-doubt creeps in, helping to maintain focus on the end goal.

In addition to skill instruction, having a seasoned mentor adds layers of experience and emotional support that one might not anticipate. It creates a space where questions can be asked freely, mistakes can be transformed into learning opportunities, and growth can flourish.

"Behind every skilled surfer is a coach who believed in them before they believed in themselves."

The rapport built through coaching also allows for the transference of surfing culture and community values, enriching the entire learning experience. Surfers often thrive in a rich ecosystem of shared experiences, where stories and techniques can be learned from those who have walked the path before them.

Finding the Right Coach

When it comes to finding a coach, it’s crucial to consider not just credentials but also personal compatibility. A coach’s teaching style should resonate with your learning preferences. Some surfers thrive under strict guidance, while others flourish in a more relaxed, exploratory environment.

Qualifications: Look for a coach with certifications in surf coaching and, ideally, a background in competitive surfing. Experience competing at high levels can provide crucial insights into the nuances involved in executing a backflip.
Teaching Style: Spend a session with potential coaches. Observe their communication methods, patience level, and how they handle mistakes. You want someone who encourages rather than intimidates.
Personal Connection: A strong rapport can make all the difference. Shared philosophies about surfing can enhance learning. If you both appreciate the thrill of the ocean equally, it strengthens the coaching relationship.

Peer Learning and Community Support

Surfing is as much about community as it is about individual skill. Peer learning is an invaluable resource that enriches the journey to mastering the backflip. Working alongside fellow surfers fosters an environment where skills can be shared and refined collectively.

Feedback from Peers: Riding the waves in a group offers a chance to receive feedback from fellow learners. Constructive criticism from peers helps identify blind spots, motivating one another to push boundaries.
Sharing Strategies: Each surfer has their methods for tackling the backflip's intricacies. Discussing strategies and experiences can bring to light unique approaches that one might not have considered.
Building a Support Network: Having a network to celebrate successes and navigate setbacks creates an uplifting atmosphere. Peer support contributes significantly to maintaining motivation and focus on practice.

In summary, coaching and mentorship are integral to the process of mastering the backflip. When combined with the support of peers, surfers not only refine their skills but also cultivate a meaningful bond within the surfing community. A united front in pursuing individual goals fosters camaraderie that enhances the surfing experience profoundley.

Inspiring Examples from the Surf Community

Looking at the act of surfing, one can’t sidestep the impact of inspiring figures in the surf community. This subsection is crucial because stories of those who dare to traverse the challenges and excel, kindle the flames of passion and ambition in aspiring surfers. Watching a surfer pull off a flawless backflip not only instills awe but also serves as proof that what seems unattainable is definitely achievable. These narratives provide both a roadmap and a motivating factor for new surfers.

Profiles of Skillful Surfers

Profiles of accomplished surfers who have mastered the backflip often serve as points of inspiration. Take a look at the life of Mikey Wright, for instance. This Australian surfer is not just known for his competitive spirit but also for his aerial prowess. With a flair for backflips, he has made a mark on the waves as well as social media. His journey from a young surfer honing his skills in Australia to becoming a full-fledged pro serves as a living testament to what determination and passion can lead to.

In contrast, Carissa Moore, the talented Hawaiian surfer, combines grace and technique in her performances. Having grown up surrounded by surf culture, Moore quickly learned the nuances of aerial maneuvers, including impressive backflips. Her profile does not only tell the triumphs of the surf but also speaks volumes about the rigors of training and perseverance.

Both Wright and Moore provide relatable aspects for surfers aspiring to elevate their art. By following their content—be it through interviews, videos, or social media posts—surfing enthusiasts can dissect the techniques used, which can bolster their own attempts at complex maneuvers.

Documented Experiences and Challenges

When we talk about documented experiences, they offer wisdom wrapped in trials and tribulations. Every surfer has their own set of hurdles; from fear of falling to not catching the wave just right. A common narrative is that of Kelly Slater, the renowned surfing icon. Early on, he faced critics doubting his ability to adapt to new techniques, including the backflip, especially as surfing evolved. His journey showed that stumbling blocks such as injury or fear are part of mastering one’s craft.

Similarly, consider the shared challenges amongst amateur surfers who attempt backflips. Many find it difficult to gather the necessary momentum or balance. Not to mention, once they do execute the flip, landing smoothly is yet another obstacle. Share their struggles on platforms like Reddit to not only recount individual experiences but also learn from peers.

The essence of these narratives lies in the understanding that behind every successful trick, there are countless efforts laden with setbacks. They remind us that the journey towards mastering the backflip is a testament to not just skill but also resilience.

Inspiration is often drawn from the stories of those who dared to challenge themselves in the realm of surfing.

As you immerse yourself in these tales, keep an eye out for the techniques described, such as how they manage their take-off and approach the landing. It’s through this examination that surfers gain valuable insights that they can adopt in their own practices.

Culmination

In wrapping up this exploration of mastering the backflip in surfing, it’s vital to reflect on both the nuances and the broader implications of this advanced maneuver. The backflip is not merely a flashy addition to a surfer's repertoire; it symbolizes a surfer’s dedication, strength, and artistry on the waves. As discussed, the backflip requires more than just technical know-how; it demands an intricate blend of physical conditioning, mental fortitude, and respect for ocean dynamics.

Summary of Key Points

To distill the essential points from the article:

Understanding the Basics: A solid foundation in surfing is essential. Without mastering the fundamentals, attempting a backflip could lead to unnecessary risks.
Physical Conditioning: Building strength, flexibility, and balance is non-negotiable. A surfer’s body needs to handle the demands of flipping while navigating turbulent waters.
Mental Preparation: Fear can be a formidable barrier. Developing a resilient mindset allows surfers to push past their limits.
Safety First: Managing risk with proper assessment and gear is critical. Waves have their own temperament that surfers must heed.
Community and Mentorship: Learning from others, whether through formal coaching or peer interactions, can accelerate the learning process.

These elements weave together a comprehensive framework for those eager to conquer the backflip, whether on a tranquil beach or the wildest of shores.

Final Thoughts on Mastering the Backflip

The journey to mastering the backflip extends well beyond the execution of the maneuver itself. It requires patience and an understanding that mastery comes with time and practice. Every wipeout serves as a lesson and stepping stone rather than a setback. Embracing this mindset ultimately leads to greater achievements in surfing and life.

As surfers venture into this thrilling realm, let them remain aware of the ocean’s rhythms and respect its power. The backflip is not just about the trick; it's about the connection to the waves, the challenge of pushing one's boundaries, and the joy of sharing that experience within the vibrant surfing community.

To delve deeper into related topics, check out resources like Wikipedia or Britannica. Conversations can also be found on platforms such as Reddit, offering a wealth of shared experiences that can benefit both aspirant and seasoned surfers.

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